M. B. Barton

Vascular malformations represent rare developmental errors during vasculogenesis with widely varying presentations. Non-invasive modalities such as duplex ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and to a lesser extent computed tomography angiograph (CTA) are the mainstays of pre-procedure imaging. Different classification systems developed for venous malformation have been used to help guide management of arteriovenous malformations.

Highlights • Palliate radiotherapy (PRT) is effective and inexpensive. • PRT makes up half of all courses but <15% of fractions in total are palliative because PRT uses far fewer fractions/course. • Variation in PRT fractionation schemes is due to inconsistencies in guidelines, physician variation and financial incentives. • With appropriate case selection, the increased cost of fractionation or more conformal approaches may be justified.

Publication HistoryPublished online: September 05, 2018Accepted: August 20, 2018; Received in revised form: July 25, 2018; Received: June 13, 2018;