Mafruha Hasan

Introduction Barley leaf rust, caused by the basidiomycete fungus Puccinia hordei, is one of the most important diseases threatening global barley production (Park, 2003). Breeding barley cultivars with genetic resistance is an effective and sustainable strategy for managing this disease; however, virulence matching deployed resistances has often emerged following the deployment of resistance (Park et al., 2015). A deeper understanding of biology and of virulence adaptation in P.