Majedeh Nabavian

1 Introduction Moral distress is a profound subjective experience that occurs when an individual's moral integrity is compromised, or when they feel unable to act in alignment with their core values and professional commitments despite earnest efforts to achieve an ethical outcome (Bagheri et al. 2023). According to the seminal framework by Jameton and Jackson (1984), nurses in clinical settings encounter three distinct ethical challenges: moral uncertainty, moral dilemmas, and moral distress.