Márcia Bastos Convento

Submitted: 07 February 2026 You are already at the latest version Acute and chronic kidney diseases remain significant challenges in regenerative medi-cine, with few therapies capable of reversing tissue injury or preventing progression. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell–derived exosomes (BM-MSC-Exos), nanosized vesicles measuring 30–150 nm, have emerged as multifunctional nanotheranostic platforms that integrate targeted therapeutic activity with imaging-enabled monitor-ing.

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1. Introduction Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) obtained from bone marrow were the first stem cells to be well-characterized [] and are a promising tool for regenerative medicine. The efficacy of MSCs-based cell therapy has been demonstrated for a broad range of indications, including kidney diseases [,].