Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) with clonal amplification and reactivity characteristics are key effector cells for antitumor immunity; their infiltration typically represents a predictive biomarker of effective immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) treatment.1,2,3,4,5 However, only a small portion of patients with enriched tumor CTLs can benefit from ICB (anti-PD-1/PD-L1) therapy, and after receiving ICB therapy, some patients even experience hyperprogressive disease,6,7,8,9 indicating an...