María Clara Robayo

Introduction Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous chronic respiratory disease characterized by persistent, often progressive, airflow limitation and respiratory symptoms, resulting from airway abnormalities (bronchitis, bronchiolitis) and/or alveolar damage (emphysema), ranging in severity from mild to very severe.1,2 The main conditions that primarily fall under COPD are chronic bronchitis (CB) and emphysema (E).1 As of 2024, the US Centers for Disease Control and...

Back to Journals » International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease » Volume 21 Authors Robayo M , Obeng-Nyarkoh PI , Hartmann-Boyce J, Valentín-Figueroa ME, Cook S, Sánchez-Romero LM Received 4 December 2025 Accepted for publication 29 April 2026 Published 14 July 2026 Volume 2026:21 582740 DOI https://doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S582740 Checked for plagiarism Yes Review by Single anonymous peer review Peer reviewer comments 2 Editor who approved publication: Prof.

Este es un espacio de debate que no compromete la opinión de La Silla Vacía ni de sus aliados. A lo largo de 25 años, la Revolución Bolivariana se ha esforzado por ganar las batallas en el terreno de las narrativas, así la emergencia humanitaria que hundió a Venezuela no es el resultado de las malas decisiones políticas, económicas y sociales, sino de las sanciones internacionales.