Mart Külvik

1. Introduction Armed conflicts, along with the waves of displacement they generate, disconnect people from their places. Characterised by their disruptive nature and destructive impacts, armed conflicts and displacement cause profound transformations in the physical, social, and cultural landscapes [1,2], leading to a gross imbalance in the dynamics of people–place relationships [3]. These cause negative impacts across time and impact people’s sense of place.

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1. Introduction Landscape character assessment (LCA) is a well-established tool in understanding the physical, aesthetic, and perceptual features of an area encompassing various types of landscapes, including urban, peri-urban, and rural settings.