Maryam Ghaffari

1 Introduction Apical periodontitis (AP) is an inflammatory disease of the periapical tissues that develops following microbial invasion of necrotic dental pulp. Host innate and adaptive immune responses, while limiting microbial spread, also drive chronic granulomatous inflammation, leading to progressive alveolar bone resorption and periradicular tissue destruction (Wen et al. 2024).

Downloaded 2 times Technical Papers Abstract The total cost of road construction comprises direct costs paid by agencies and indirect costs paid by road users. In densely populated urban areas, work zone instigated user costs could outweigh direct costs and therefore need to be considered in project alternative selection. This paper develops and applies a probabilistic methodology for quantifying user delay cost (UDC) for urban arterial work zones.