Massimo Barbaro

1. Introduction The auditory system is a multi-level sensorineural pathway that transforms acoustic waves into neural signals which are experienced as sound. The pathway, in brief, is as follows: sound pressure waves enter the outer ear and reach the tympanic membrane; the resulting movement of the membrane induces vibration of the middle ear ossicles.

1. Introduction Over the past decades, the question how the central nervous system (CNS) controls muscles to perform specific motor tasks has attracted widespread attention (d’Avella et al., 2003, 2006, 2011; Tresch and Jarc, 2009; Tang et al., 2015; Taborri et al., 2018; Xiong et al., 2018). Lots of researches show that vertebrates generate motor behaviors by a combination of rudimentary motor modules (Tresch et al., 2002; Flash and Hochner, 2005; Bizzi et al., 2008; Cheung et al., 2012).

1. Introduction Skeletal muscles are the primary organs for managing force generation and movements. Smooth control of muscle movements relies on the complex interaction between the neuronal system and the skeletal muscle, called the neuromuscular system.