Materials Guangxi Nanning

Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Data Availability Statement The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Supporting Information Filename Description adfm77633-sup-0001-SuppMat.doc31.9 MB Supporting File: adfm77633-sup-0001-SuppMat.doc. References 1, , , et al., “Fast Charging of Energy-Dense Lithium-Ion Batteries,” Nature 611 (2022): 485–490, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05281-0.

Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest Data Availability Statement The data that supports the findings of this study are available in the Supporting Information of this article. Supporting Information Filename Description anie73865-sup-0001-SuppMat.docx25.8 MB Supporting File: anie73865-sup-0001-SuppMat.docx.

1 Introduction Lithium metal is regarded as a highly promising anode material for next-generation batteries, owing to its extremely low electrochemical potential (-3.04 V vs. SHE) and ultrahigh theoretical specific capacity (3860 mAh g−1) [1-4]. When coupled with high-voltage cathodes, lithium–metal batteries (LMBs) are projected to deliver energy densities exceeding 500 Wh kg−1, meeting key requirements for future energy-storage systems [5-7].