Introduction Dramatic climate changes in recent decades have altered global environments, creating an increasing challenge for agricultural practice and production (Alkorta et al., 2017; Cohen et al., 2021; Hamann et al., 2021; Lobell and Gourdji, 2012; Ray et al., 2019; Rivero et al., 2022; Salih et al., 2020; Zandalinas et al., 2021a,b). Drought, salinity, heat and nutrient scarcity are among the main stresses significantly affecting plant growth and crop productivity.