Meihui Zhu

CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. PEER REVIEW The peer review history for this article is available at https://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway/wos/peer-review/10.1111/1365-2745.70298. DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT The data that supports the findings of this study are openly available in Zenodo at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18843152 (Zhu et al., 2026).

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1. Introduction Urban plant diversity is an important element of urban ecology, social function, and the well-being of residents, serving as the green infrastructure and life support system of urban ecosystems [,,]. However, rapid urbanization has resulted in environmental changes, particularly through altering land use patterns and the introduction of alien plant species, consequently reducing the provision of urban ecosystem services and homogenizing the species composition of urban areas [,].