Meijia Pan

Keywords Tuberculosis Aggregation-induced emission Photothermal therapy Host-directed therapy Relapse Evidence before this study Tuberculosis therapy is hindered by poor drug delivery, immune evasion, and high relapse. Mycobacterium tuberculosis suppresses macrophages and antigen presentation, forming an immunosuppressive granuloma microenvironment, while its fibrotic and necrotic core limits drug penetration, leading to low local drug levels, bacterial persistence, and frequent relapse.