Minela Aida Maranduca

Submitted: 28 January 2026 You are already at the latest version Background/Objectives: Despite significant progress, cardiovascular disease remains the primary global cause of disability-adjusted life years. Atherosclerosis, an early form of vascular disorder, is driven by low-grade chronic inflammation and lipid accumulation. Obesity exacerbates atherosclerosis through insulin resistance, adipokine imbalance, and sustained inflammation, leading to endothelial dysfunction.

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All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess.