Minjeong Byeon

1 Introduction As the world transitions to green energy, lithium-ion batteries have emerged as a dominant technology for electrical energy storage, with their superior performance powering a wide range of applications, including electric vehicles, consumer electronics, and medical devices. This is due to their higher energy density, low self-discharge, and longer lifetime compared to previous battery technologies.

Understanding and predicting the dynamic processes that underpin material performance are crucial for designing next-generation materials capable of meeting the evolving demands of modern technologies. These processes—often occurring at atomic or molecular scales in condensed phases—remain notoriously difficult to probe experimentally.