Minoru Kasada

Introduction Human harvesting is widely recognized as a major driver of evolutionary change in exploited populations (Law and Grey 1989, Heino et al. 2015). Regulatory constraints, along with harvesters' preferences for individuals with specific traits, often result in uneven mortality across populations (Holland and Sutinen 1999, Salas et al. 2004, Andersen et al. 2012).

Introduction One of the main differences between parasites and predators is that parasites take a longer time to complete the exploitation of an individual victim. This applies specifically if comparing parasitism and predation that end with victim death. This longer ‘interaction durability' (Combes 2001, Lafferty and Kuris 2002, Raffel et al. 2010) enables parasites to not only exploit host biomass but also host metabolism and other products to build up parasite propagules (Combes 2001).

1 INTRODUCTION With the advent of Anthropocene, human activities, such as climate change, human exploitation, and industrial pollution, have significantly altered natural environments and communities on a large scale (Handford et al., 1977; Klerks & Weis, 1987; Reid et al., 2005; Thomas et al., 2004). These alterations have led to populations experiencing declines in fitness and facing reduced population densities (Maynard Smith, 1989).