Introduction Widespread antibiotic resistance gives rise to increasingly difficult-to-treat bacterial infections and is a significant threat to public health ( 1 Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis. ). β-lactams, including penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems, are among the most commonly used antibiotics worldwide ( 2 The β-lactamase threat in Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter. ).
