Mohammad Safarian

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Table 3 presents the demographic data and physical characteristics of the study population. The participants had a mean ± SD age of 33.48 ± 8.35 years. The average BMI was 29.15 ± 2.33 kg/m2, and the average waist circumference was 105.43 ± 6.71 cm. Regarding physical activity levels within the studied population, 25% exhibited low physical activity, 39.6% engaged in moderate physical activity, and 35.4% reported high physical activity.

This study was aimed to investigate the association of maternal serum and breast-milk levels of macronutrients, hormones, growth factors, and maternal body composition with infant’s body weight. Eighty mother–infant pairs comprised 40 with overweight or obese infant and 40 with normal-weight infant were enrolled in this study. The level of ghrelin, Leptin, adiponectin, EGF, and IGF1 in plasma and breast milk were assessed.