Mohammad Shuaib

Abstract This research study investigates several techniques, such as simulation and an RLC equivalent circuit model, to evaluate antenna performance. The key novelty of this work lies in the integration of supervised machine learning–assisted optimization with a graphene-based THz MIMO antenna, enabling rapid performance prediction and validation while achieving a rare combination of wide bandwidth, high gain, high efficiency, and excellent MIMO isolation.

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1 Introduction Pathological anomalies that originate in the brain encompass a spectrum of conditions, with brain tumors standing as a significant category [1]. These tumors exhibit varying degrees of aggressiveness, leading to their classification as either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). To systematically differentiate these tumors based on their malignancy, the World Health Organization (WHO) has devised a comprehensive grading system, spanning from grade 1 to grade 4 [2].