Mohd Termizi Yusof

1 Introduction Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) is one of the best candidates for freshwater aquaculture in tropical countries, as it is well-suited for intensive aquaculture production. Tilapia production in the international market has continued to rise over the years, from 4.5 million metric tons (mmt) in 2018 to 5.3 mmt in 2022.

1. Introduction ROS is an unavoidable product in the metabolism of plants [1]. The production and clearance of ROS in organisms maintain a dynamic balance, and appropriate levels of ROS play important physiological functions in organisms, such as signaling [2,3] and resistance to pathogenic bacteria [4]. Although there are ROS scavenging systems in organisms, under certain stress conditions, especially under low-temperature stress conditions, the accumulation of ROS exceeds their ability [5].