Muhammad Azhar Ansari

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1. Introduction In the modern era, the world is grappling with intensifying environmental issues alongside a growing demand for sustainable energy solutions [1,2,3,4]. Solar energy, a clean and inexhaustible resource, stands at the forefront of resolving these challenges [5,6]. High-performance photovoltaic technologies have the potential to not only substantially augment global energy production but also to lessen environmental impacts [7].

1. Introduction Addressing global challenges such as the escalating need for food, triggered by the population surge, and mitigating the effects of global warming, resulting from fossil fuel-based energy generation, has become an urgent priority [1]. In recent years, solar energy has become an appealing option for the development of cleaner and more sustainable power sources [2].