Nasib Singh

This is decentralized and tamper-resistant, improving security and transparency. This design keeps permissions in a secure, immutable blockchain ledger that requires network authorization to modify. Individual digital identities and preset smart contracts regulate access. Smart contracts define access conditions and store them on the blockchain. An access control system for a cloud environment based on blockchain technology is shown in Fig. 9.

Introduction Post-surgical site infections place a significant burden on health provision worldwide, and one of the major causative pathogens of such infections is Staphylococcus aureus. It is estimated that there are approximately 150,000 post-surgical infections in the US alone per year, representing a health burden and cost of $10 billion per year (Zabaglo and Sharman, 2022; Seidelman et al., 2023). S.

Introduction Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients have severe impaired cell-mediated immune function due to the conditioning regimen used, immunosuppressive therapy, and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). As a result, they are susceptible to bacterial, viral and fungal infections (Fan et al., 2015). These patients may also suffered from mycobacterial infection, which is life-threatening, although the incidence rate is not high, ranging from 0.0014% to 3% (Lee et al., 2014).