Natavudh Townamchai

Highlights • Although several studies have demonstrated an association between BK polyomavirus (BKPyV)-specific cellular immune responses and BKPyV infection in kidney transplant recipients (KTR), no immunological assays are currently established for routine clinical use.

Natavudh Townamchai Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand Excellence Center for Solid Organ Transplantation, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand Center of Excellence Renal Immunology and Renal Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand Search for more papers by this author

1 BACKGROUND Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious complication of diabetes. The main pathogenesis of DKA is the insufficiency of effective insulin and increased levels of counterregulatory hormones leading to hyperglycemia and ketosis. DKA is diagnosed when patients have hyperglycemia (plasma glucose concentration ≥250 mg/dL), with wide anion gap metabolic acidosis (pH <7.30 and serum bicarbonate ≤18 mmol/L), and the presence of ketonemia or ketonuria.