Nathalie C Kaufmann

When the Swiss Code of Civil Procedure (CPC) was unified at the federal level in 2011, the legislator deliberately excluded an Anglo-American-style class action. The consensus was that such mechanisms would foster a “litigation industry” and lead to abusive lawsuits. One argument against the implementation was the “principle of party disposition”, which is a central pillar of the Swiss civil procedure. Under this principle, the parties exercise sole control over the object of the dispute.

Challenges and future directions of IO Many IO treatment modalities have found their way into treatment recommendations and guidelines. For HCC, IO treatments constitute first treatment options for selected patients, while they are part of further treatments at the physicians' disposal for other cancer types.