Natrah Ahmad Fuad

1 Introduction Endodontic microsurgery is a treatment option for cases where conventional root canal therapy has failed. With the increasing preference for tooth preservation over extraction, patients are more likely to consent to apical surgery (Azarpazhooh et al. 2013).

Traumatic dental injuries (TDI) rank as the sixth most prevalent injury worldwide.1 Avulsion leads to the rupture of the pulp's neurovascular supply, causing nutritional insufficiency and cellular deterioration.2 Nonetheless, because of their significant vascularity, immature teeth with open apices possess the capacity for revascularization.

By Natrah Ahmad Fuad and Nur Diyana Mohamed Radzi For centuries, education relied on chalkboards and textbooks, with students depending on libraries for knowledge. The rise of computers, the internet and smart devices has dramatically changed this landscape, making learning more accessible and interactive.