Natsu Sasaki

Perinatal depression refers to a major depressive episode that occurs during pregnancy (antenatal depression) or after childbirth (postpartum depression), affecting 11.9% of pregnant women worldwide.1 Preventing perinatal depression is essential to improve maternal and infant wellbeing. One of its risk factors is suggested to be intimate partner violence (IPV)—psychological, sexual, or physical violence by an intimate partner.

1 Introduction Menstruation-related symptoms are one of the crucial burdens in women's health, encompassing a variety of physical and psychological experiences that women may encounter before and during their menstrual cycle. Almost three in four women suffer from menstruation-related symptoms [1]. The annual economic burden extrapolated in Japan was estimated at 8.6 billion US dollars, mainly due to work productivity loss [2].