Nermine Nefzi

1. Introduction Currently, two pivotal strategies are employed within the environmental protection curricula, namely the circular economy and Zero Waste. The first refers to a non-linear economic system that recovers energy and raw materials as much as possible, aiming at the sustainable use of natural resources. The second strategy stresses the importance of the rational use of products and the reduction in the amount of waste produced [1].

4. Materials and Methods 4.1. Sampling of Propolis and Extract Preparation The raw propolis was collected in March 2021 by scraping the surfaces of Apis mellifera beehives located in the city of Tebourba, Tunisia (36°49′46″ N–9°50′28″ E). Once sampled, propolis was stored in sterile opaque plastic containers under refrigeration until the time of the extract preparation. An ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) was prepared according to a modified protocol of Mello and Hubinger [62].