Nibagani Naresh

1 Introduction The rapid development of miniaturized and integrated electronic systems, such as wearable sensors, implantable medical devices, and system-on-chip platforms, has created an urgent demand for micro-scale energy storage devices that can simultaneously deliver high energy density, fast power response, and long-term operational stability within a limited footprint [1].

Introduction Click to copy section linkSection link copied! The rapid progress in wearable and implantable devices is revolutionizing technology, bringing them closer to becoming indispensable in our daily lives. These compact devices, excelling in complex tasks such as data processing and wireless communication within spaces smaller than half a square centimeter, hold transformative potential in health monitoring, medical diagnostics, and disease treatment.

1 Introduction In the area of industrial 4.0, the development of IoT has changed the interaction way between individuals and the world with interconnected sensing devices.[1] Among them, fast-growing portable electronic devices, medical devices, smart cards, RFID tags, as well as wearable biosensing on wearable platforms require flexible power sources with high efficiency and sustainability.[2] Therefore, thin-film secondary batteries, with competitive energy density, stable voltage outputs...