Nicolangelo Iannella

Yizhou Xie Sadra Sadeh* Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom Introduction: Our brain is bombarded by a diverse range of visual stimuli, which are converted into corresponding neuronal responses and processed throughout the visual system. The neural activity patterns that result from these external stimuli vary depending on the object or scene being observed, but they also change as a result of internal or behavioural states.

1. Introduction Optogenetics is a technique that can be used to manipulate cellular activity with light (Boyden et al., 2005; Deisseroth, 2011). Specific cell types are sensitized to light via the introduction of gene constructs that encode for optogenetic actuators (Rost et al., 2017). Opsins are light-gated ion channels, pumps or receptors that when illuminated allow hyper- or depolarizing currents through the cell membrane (Deisseroth, 2011).

Ivan Mysin* Laboratory of Systemic Organization of Neurons, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia The theta rhythm plays a crucial role in synchronizing neural activity during attention and memory processes. However, the mechanisms behind the formation of neural activity during theta rhythm generation remain unknown.