Noëlle van Dalen

1 Introduction The global transition to renewable energy sources is essential for reducing carbon emissions and mitigating climate change [1, 2]. Among the sustainable energy carriers, green hydrogen, produced through water electrolysis powered by renewable energy, has emerged as a promising alternative [3, 4]. However, the overall efficiency of green hydrogen relies on the performance of water electrolysis, where the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is a key step [5, 6].

1. Introduction Click to copy section linkSection link copied! The transition toward renewable energy is critical for mitigating climate change, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and ensuring sustainability, with green hydrogen (H2), i.e., via photovoltaics or wind energy-driven water electrolysis, emerging as a key energy carrier for storage and transport.