Noorhayati Idros

Abstract Accurate and real-time metal surface defect detection under complex backgrounds and large appearance variations remains a critical challenge in intelligent manufacturing. Existing lightweight detectors often suffer from suboptimal performance due to uniformly applied feature refinement strategies across different network depths, which limits their ability to balance fine-grained representation and computational efficiency.

Climate change poses an escalating threat to the safety of high-hazard embankment dams, increases flood discharge impacting dam overtopping risk by altering the hydrological load of the original dam designed capacity. This paper’s primary aims are to evaluate climate change’s influence on extreme rainfall events and their impact on dam safety and to assess the overtopping risk of Batu Dam under various climate scenarios.