Ntuthuko Mkhize

1 Introduction Historically, subsistence pastoralists and ranchers have utilised fire as a management tool in grassy rangelands for millennia (Du Toit and Cumming 1999; Tainton and Mentis 1984). However, land-use changes, including altered grazing practices, fire suppression and habitat fragmentation, have disrupted these long-standing natural processes (Russell et al. 2018; Tainton and Mentis 1984).

1 Introduction Plants have many traits that reduce negative consequences on their fitness that may result from herbivory (Karban and Baldwin 1997). Some traits function as defenses that reduce the proximal degree of herbivory by deterring or repelling herbivores or by reducing herbivore abundance (Augner 1994; Karban and Baldwin 1997; Strauss and Agrawal 1999).

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