Nurul Iftida Basri

2-HPP 2-h post-prandial aOR adjusted odd ratio BMI body mass index BV bacterial vaginosis CI confidence interval FFQ food frequency questionnaire FPG fasting plasma glucose Hb hemoglobin HSAAS Hospital Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah IOM Institute of Medicine IQR interquartile range LMP last menstrual period OGTT oral glucose tolerance test PTB preterm birth RNI recommended nutritional intake RPM revolution per minute SD standard deviation USDA United States Department of Agriculture 1 Introduction...

1 Introduction Vitamin D deficiency is increasingly recognized as a significant non-communicable public health concern across many developing countries, including those in Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Latin America, despite their abundant sunlight exposure (Bonevski et al. 2013; Van Schoor and Lips 2011).