Oladoyin Kolawole

Abstract The surrounding rock around deep underground excavations generally contains fractures and joints that significantly reduce mechanical integrity, particularly in zones where excavation-induced unloading, stress rotation, and anisotropic deformation generate tensile stress concentrations. These tensile regimes govern crack initiation, fracture propagation, spalling, and progressive instability around tunnels, caverns, mines, and wellbores.

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Geothermal Energy volume 9, Article number: 14 (2021) Cite this article Abstract Oil and gas operations in sedimentary basins have revealed the occurrence of significant temperature anomalies at depth, raising the possibility of major geothermal resource potential in the sedimentary sequences. The efficient development of such a resource may require enhancement by hydraulic stimulation.