Oleg Baranov

Abstract Currently valued at around $600 billion, the space economy is expected to reach $1.8 trillion by 2035, with vital terrestrial systems increasingly dependent on space infrastructure. Growth is largely driven by the rising deployment of small and medium satellites in low Earth orbit (LEO), yet most are single-use and quickly decommissioned after failure, contributing to orbital debris and challenging sustainability.

1 Introduction Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a leading technique for fingerprinting molecular structural dynamics at ultralow concentrations, enabled by localised surface plasmon resonances that amplify Raman scattering signals near the surface of metallic nanostructures by several orders of magnitude.[1, 2] Its potential in real-world sensing, ranging from environmental monitoring to forensic explosives detection, critically depends on the quality of the underlying plasmonic...

2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Materials L-Lactide (98%, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), glycolide (>99%, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), tin 2-ethylhexanoate (97%, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), chloroform (99%, Chimmed, Moscow, Russia), ethanol (99%, Chimmed, Moscow, Russia), hexafluoroisopropanol (99%, P&M-Invest, Moscow, Russia), and hydroxyapatite with a particle size of about 1–5 μm (NPK Polistom, Moscow, Russia) were taken for synthesis without preliminary purification.