Oliver Catlin

Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. References 1, , , and , “Metabolic Modulation: A New Therapeutic Target in Treatment of Heart Failure,” American Journal of Therapeutics 18 (2011): e197–e201. 2, , , , and , “Trimetazidine and Other Metabolic Modifiers,” European Cardiology Review 13 (2018): 104. 3, , , and , “Story Behind Meldonium—From Pharmacology to Performance Enhancement: A Narrative Review,” British Journal of Sports Medicine 51 (2017): 22–25.

The first nootropic prohibited in sport was fonturacetam (4-phenylpiracetam, carphedon) in 1998. Presented here 25 years later is a broad-scale consideration of the history, pharmacology, prevalence, regulations, and doping potential of nootropics viewed through a lens of 50 selected dietary supplements (DS) marketed as “cognitive enhancement,” “brain health,” “brain boosters,” or “nootropics,” with a focus on unauthorized ingredients.

BSCG (Banned Substances Control Group) is a leading independent testing and certification provider for the dietary supplement, sports nutrition, and natural product industries. BSCG offers a complete suite of industry-leading programs and compliance services for brands, manufacturers, ingredient suppliers, and distributors.