Smallholder farmers cultivate within a small-scale farming model, typically with a land area of less than one hectare and up to 10 hectares (FAO, 2012). Around 84% of farms are smaller than two hectares in the world. Smallholder farmers significantly impact agriculture by managing 12% of cultivated areas (Lowder, Skoet & Raney, 2016). Moreover, smallholder farmers provide around 30% of the world’s total crop production and meet 30–34% of global food demand (Ricciardi et al., 2018; Ritchie, 2021).
