Omid Akbarzadeh

1 INTRODUCTION Management of change (Table 1) (MOC)1 is a fundamental process safety control in oil, gas, and chemical industries, intended to ensure that technical and organizational modifications are systematically evaluated before implementation.2-5 Despite widespread procedural adoption, many organizations continue to experience recurring implementation gaps in practice.6, 7 In such cases, change-related risks are not fully assessed, approvals are bypassed, and documentation becomes...

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To analyze the methodologies and comprehend how it is feasible to anticipate the “regressand” and “regressor” in PD, MSE and \(R^2\) were examined. Equation 34 provides the formulation of the MSE, which is commonly used to determine if the model’s findings are satisfactory. A value closer to 0 consider a better assessment. $$\begin{aligned} MSE = \frac{1}{n}\sum _{i=1}^{n} (Y_i - \hat{Y_i})^2 \end{aligned}$$ (34) On the other hand, also \(R^2\) is considered, which is defined in Eq. 35.