Öncü Maraci

Abstract Comparative studies of microbial communities occupying different body sites in wild vertebrates are scarce, but they are crucial for advancing our understanding of the ecological and evolutionary factors shaping animal microbiomes.

Abstract Human-induced rapid environmental change is intensifying globally. Urbanization, a major form of human-induced rapid environmental change, alters ecosystems and exposes wildlife to urban stressors, including altered ambient temperatures and resource shifts. These alterations can impose selective pressures on wildlife, influencing behavior, physiology, and morphology.

Behavioural Ecology as a discipline has focused on the adaptive value of behavioural strategies, and how these vary with ecological context. This, in turn, was a response to Niko Tinbergen’s plea for greater attention to studies of survival value, as articulated in his classic 1963 paper, On the Aims and Methods of Ethology. In this paper, Tinbergen discussed the various ways in which one could ask why an organism behaved as it did.