Onyeka Aralu

Regulatory Comments Introduction and Summary The International Center for Law & Economics (ICLE) welcomes the opportunity to respond to the Competition and Markets Authority’s (CMA) consultations on proposed steering conduct requirements (CRs) for Apple and Google.[1] ICLE is a non-profit, non-partisan global research and policy centre that advances evidence-based policy. Its scholars have written extensively on competition in digital markets.

Antitrust law does not hand out damages just because someone got hurt in the general vicinity of an antitrust violation. A plaintiff must show more than bad conduct, more than lost money, and more than a plausible violation of the Sherman Act. The loss must come from the thing antitrust law exists to protect: competition. That is where antitrust standing does its work. In ordinary litigation, standing asks whether a plaintiff has enough of a stake in the dispute to be in court at all.

Regulatory Comments I. Introduction and Legal Baseline The International Center for Law & Economics (ICLE) is a nonprofit research center based in Portland, Oregon, that applies economic analysis to legal and regulatory policy.