Osmo Anttalainen

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Download Hi-Res ImageDownload to MS-PowerPointCite This:Anal. Chem.

1. Introduction Cities are complex environments; many challenges are presented by the need for people to be able to live in safe and healthy environments. Modern societies promote both hard and soft infrastructure-oriented strategies in their attempts to tackle a range of urban problems, and to make cities more efficient and liveable places for both residents and visitors. These development efforts are called smart city initiatives.