Parham Joolaei Ahranjani

1 Introduction Green tea has received considerable attention due to its wide array of health benefits, which encompass the reduction of cholesterol levels, antibacterial and antiviral properties, as well as the prevention of cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Additionally, it exhibits anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic effects (Ahmadi et al. 2024; Jabeen et al. 2022; Sunna et al. 2019).

This study presents the development and application of a thermally reduced graphene (TRG)-modified SiO₂-APTES composite for the extraction and preconcentration of cadmium (Cd (II)) ions from aqueous samples, with quantification by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. To enhance the selectivity of Cd(II) detection, diphenylthiocarbazone (dithizone) was used as a chelating agent prior to the extraction process.

1 Introduction Nanoemulsions, as a subclass of colloidal dispersions, are characterized by their fine particle size, typically ranging from 20 to 200 nm, dispersed within an aqueous medium (Rolland et al. 2021). These systems have garnered significant interest in the food industry due to the unique physicochemical and biological properties that emerge at the nanoscale (Yousefi et al. 2023; Mushtaq et al. 2023).