Historical biogeography and diversification patterns In this study, according to mitochondrial and nuclear diversity indices, we found higher values in Orinoco River populations such as Puerto Inírida, Guaviare and Puerto Carreño. This may suggest that the ancestral origin of P. axelrodi is in the Orinoco basin, as reported by Cooke, Chao & Beheregaray (2009), suggesting that Negro River headwater populations had the highest gene diversity values compared to the middle Negro River populations.
