Pattamon Selanon

1. Introduction 1.1. Introduction The prevalence of disability, affecting over 15% of the global population as reported by the WHO [1] is often underestimated, particularly in densely populated areas where the exclusion of disabled individuals in design processes is a significant concern.

1. Introduction People with special needs tend to spend more time at home [1,2], particularly in developing nations where urban facilities and services, such as inaccessible lavatories, a lack of navigation or information signs, and an absence of sloped or uneven pavement, are impeded [3,4].

1. Introduction Great cities offer a wide range of opportunities, wealth, vitality, and a sense of purpose in life [1,2]. Conversely, disorganized planning and management result in problems with overcrowding, dangerous surroundings, pollution, and illness for their residents [3]. In terms of socioeconomic and health outcomes, people with disabilities experience higher rates of poverty, less economic involvement, lower academic achievement, and worse health than those without disabilities [4].