Paul Link

Abstract In late 2021, high pathogenicity avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b viruses entered North America and reassorted rapidly with local avian influenza viruses. In September 2024, we detected a new reassortant later classified as genotype D1.1. Using active and passive avian influenza surveillance across Canada and the USA, we tracked the emergence and rapid spread of D1.1 viruses in wild birds during the 2024 fall migration.

Discussion From early reports10–12 to current adoption, MMAE, initially a niche procedure, has now begun to have a more substantial role in neurovascular care. From 2019 to 2023, the estimated number of MMAE procedures increased sharply, both as a standalone treatment and in conjunction with surgical drainage. This increase reflects a shift in practice, where more physicians are considering MMAE as a minimally invasive alternative or adjunct to traditional surgical evacuation.

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