Pedro Estrela

1. Introduction There is a pressing worldwide need to detect a wide range of substances that affect human health, food safety, water quality and the environment; for example, human biomarkers, drugs, bacteria, heavy metal ions, pesticides, etc. [1,2,3,4,5]. The detection method, therefore, should be cheap, rapid, reliable, have high selectivity and specificity and not require intense people-power.

Abstract Protein preconcentration is an essential sample preparation step for analysis in which the targeted proteins exist in low concentrations, such as bodily fluids, water, or wastewater. Nonetheless, very few practical implementations of miniaturized protein preconcentration devices have been demonstrated in practice, and even fewer have been integrated with other microanalytical steps.

Abstract Affinity based electrochemical biosensing systems with integrated miniaturised interfaces has enabled key advancement toward rapid, sensitive, precise and deployable detection platforms. Manufacturing silicon micro/nano devices for biology interface has been a highly promising platform to design and develop electrochemical sensors for the detection of very low concentrations of the target molecules.