Peixiang Zhu

1 Introduction Skeletal Class III malocclusion is a multifactorial and complex disease, characterized by maxillary underdevelopment, mandibular overdevelopment, or a combination of both.[1, 2] Among the skeletal Class III population, 57% of the patients exhibited a deficiency in the maxilla.[3] This maxillary underdevelopment is largely driven by genetic factors, with insufficient osteogenesis emerging as a critical pathological mechanism.