Australia has been here before. Time and again, the country has stumbled upon extraordinary good fortune – gold in the 19th Century, wool, then iron ore, coal and gas in the 20th and 21st Centuries – and time and again it has struggled to turn those booms into lasting national strength. Wealth has arrived quickly, been spent freely, and then faded. The harder work of converting temporary bounty into enduring capability has too often been left undone.