Petr Pyszko

1 Introduction Freshwaters are among the ecosystems most heavily impacted by biodiversity loss resulting from the cumulative effect of multiple anthropogenic stressors (Collen et al. 2014; McRae et al. 2017; Reid et al. 2019; Sayer et al. 2025; Tickner et al. 2020). Climate change has exacerbated all these stressors, being identified as one of the most severe threats to freshwater species (Baranov et al. 2020; Reid et al.

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1. Introduction Climbing as a sport emerged in the 19th century, with its initial development occurring in the 1950s, particularly in England and Italy [1]. In the 1970s and 1980s, there was a significant increase in interest, with increasingly technical and overhanging routes being climbed [2]. In recent decades, the popularity of climbing has grown worldwide [1,3,4], with an estimated 9 million people engaged in the activity in the USA alone across various ages and abilities [5,6].