Pheladi Lizzy Mokaba

Pheladi LizzyMokaba, NtombenhleMasanabo, SimphiweZwane, NolwaziGazu, Saheed E.Elugoke, Adekunle S.Abolanle, UsisiphoFeleni, Electroanalysis2026, 38, e70138. https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.70138 Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Data Availability Statement The data presented in this study are derived from previously published articles and publicly available sources cited in the reference list.

1 Introduction Pharmaceuticals have increasingly become recognized as contaminants of emerging concern, as their unintended release into the environment poses significant risks to both aquatic ecosystems and human health [1]. These compounds often escape regulation and their long-term ecotoxicological effects remain poorly understood [2].